Children's language development follows a sequential order. This is true of their developing expressive language skills and, as they mature, the length of their utterances increases (see also Lengthening Utterances with ‘And'). Consequently we are able to relate the length of an utterance to a child's age. Thus, we can say that at 20-30 months of age utterances are typically two words long, at 28-42 months they are up to four words long, at 34-48 months they are up to six words long and from 48 months they are usually longer than six words. It should be possible, therefore, to measure the typical length of a child's utterances and determine whether or not this is in keeping with what would be expected for their age.
- Word Counter 1 6 24 Horas
- Word Counter 1 6 24 Inches
- Word Counter 1 6 24 Tractor Tire
- Word Counter 1 6 24 Inch
Download the best word games Free in Word Collect! Word Collect has exciting word games Free Word Nerds! Word Collect starts as an easy word game and gets harder as you level up! Enjoy Word Gameplay! - Connect letters in any direction to form the hidden word matches! - Find as many words as possible to level up and earn bonus rewards! - Fill in every word block jumbles! One way would be to make a list of lists, with each sub-list in the new list containing a word and a count: list1 = #this is your original list of words list2 = #this is a new list for word in list1: if word in list2: list2.index(word)1 += 1 else: list2.append(word,0). Word Counter is an easy to use online tool for counting words, characters, sentences, paragraphs and pages in real time, along with spelling and grammar checking. Get started by typing directly into the text area above or pasting in your content from elsewhere.
Now, the basic element of language is the morpheme [i.e. the smallest element in a language capable of creating a difference in meaning, e.g. in the word dis-interest-ed,dis- is a prefix, -interest- is a root, and -ed is a suffix: these are all morphemes] and not the word. It is, therefore, more instructive to determine the length of a child's utterances in relation to morphemes rather than words. This will take into account the child's developing morphological skills as well as their syntactic skills. Clearly, it is not sufficient to examine just one utterance, as there is a great deal of variation in the length of utterances. If I ask you, ‘Where do you live?' you could answer simply, ‘Hull', or ‘In Hull', or ‘I live in Hull', and so on. It is necessary, therefore, to examine several utterances and then to calculate the average length of utterance based on a count of the number of individual morphemes in each utterance. We will now provide a limited example of how to calculate a Mean Length of Utterance (MLU).
Suppose we have heard a 48 month old child produce the following utterances.
go home now
I live in Billingham
mummy kissed my daddy
I like your dogs
We can calculate the MLU as follows. Taking each utterance in turn, we count the number of morphemes in the utterances. So, we would analyze the utterances as follows.
| go | home | now | |||||||
| 1 | + | 1 | + | 1 | = 3 | ||||
| I | live | in | Billingham | ||||||
| 1 | + | 1 | + | 1 | + | 1 | =4 | ||
| mummy | kiss | -ed | my | daddy | |||||
| 1 | + | 1 | + | 1 | + | 1 | + | 1 | =5 |
| I | like | your | dog | -s | |||||
| 1 | + | 1 | + | 1 | + | 1 | + | 1 | =5 |
| TOTAL |
There is, therefore, a total of 17 morphemes. Now, in order to find the mean length of utterance we take the total number of morphemes (17) and divide it by the total number of utterances (4). Thus, the mean length of utterance is 17/4 = 4.25.
What we need to do now is determine the age at which the majority of children would present with a mean length of utterance equivalent to the one our particular child has scored. This is known as the age equivalent. We do this by reading off the age equivalent in Table 1. From the table, we see that an MLU of 4.25 lies between 4.09 and 4.40. We can conclude, then, that an MLU of 4.25 would be expected in a child of between 45-48 months of age. As we know that our particular child is 48 months old, then it appears that the average length of the child's utterances is age appropriate. This suggests, therefore, that this child's expressive language skills are developing along typical lines.
MLU | age equivalent (within 1 month) |
| 1.31 | 18 |
| 1.62 | 21 |
| 1.92 | 24 |
| 2.54 | 30 |
| 2.85 | 33 |
| 3.16 | 36 |
| 3.47 | 39 |
| 3.78 | 42 |
| 4.09 | 45 |
| 4.40 | 48 |
| 4.71 | 51 |
| 5.02 | 54 |
| 5.32 | 57 |
| 5.63 | 60 |
Word Counter 1 6 24 Horas
A final note on calculating an MLU is worth making. Whilst an analysis of four utterances is better than analyzing just one (we would have an MLU of 3.00 if we had analysed only the child's first utterance go home now), four utterances is still not enough to achieve anything like reasonable accuracy. Ideally one should analyze no fewer than 100 utterances. Clearly, the more utterances that can be analyzed then the more accurate will be the result (Miller and Chapman, 1981; Bishop and Adams, 1990). Now, whilst an MLU is helpful as an indicator of expressive language development it would not, and should not, be used as the only measure of expressive language ability. Garton and Pratt (1998) note that there is a positive correlation between an MLU and chronological age. However, they warn that the correlation is weak. At best, therefore, an MLU is a useful guide, being insufficiently robust for any sort of detailed diagnostic measure. For example, it is not always easy to decide what constitutes an utterance in a child's speech. It can also be difficult to determine what counts as a morpheme. For example, should simple past tense forms of irregular verbs (e.g. sang, brought, went) be counted as one morpheme whilst those of regular verbs (e.g. talk-ed, play-ed, push-ed) are counted as two? There is no doubt that regular simple past tense forms are constituted from two morphemes and we know that a child's ability to signal this past tense occurs early in their acquisition of morphemes (see Table 2).
rank | morphological feature | example | age of mastery* |
1 | present progressive -ing | daddy singing, mummy playing | 19-28 |
2 | in | key in cup, ball in box | 27-30 |
3 | on | ball on bed, cup on table | 27-33 |
4 | regular plural -s | two cats, three dogs | 27-33 |
5 | irregular past tense | mummy fell, daddy went | 25-46 |
6 | possessive -‘s | mummy's hat, daddy's car | 26-40 |
7 | uncontractible copula | she is (response to who is happy?) | 28-46 |
8 | articles | mummy got a dog, the ball | 28-46 |
9 | regular past tense -ed | daddy walked, a car crashed | 26-48 |
10 | regular third person -s | mummy walks, daddy plays | 28-50 |
11 | irregular third person | mummy does, daddy has a ball | 28-50 |
12 | uncontractible auxiliary | she is (response to who is coming?) | 29-48 |
13 | contractible copula | he's happy (cf. he is happy) | 29-49 |
14 | contractible auxiliary | mummy's playing (cf. mummy is playing) | 30-50 |
* | Used correctly 90% of the time in obligatory contexts, i.e. in contexts in which Standard English requires the use of the morpheme (e.g. in the utterance 'he is talking' it is obligatory to add an -ing suffix because it is required in the context of a progressive action). |
Table 2. The Order of Acquisition of English Morphemes [Source: Brown(1973) and Miller (1981)]
If our focus is the child's growing ability to signal meaning then irregular past tenses can be viewed as being on the same footing, i.e. they also signal a past tense meaning. The fact that irregular English past tenses are not structurally constituted from two readily identifiable elements is merely an artifact of the English language. However, it is arguable that the child understands irregular past tenses as single units. From this perspective, then, they would be viewed as being constructed from just the one morpheme – one meaning unit, one morpheme.
Difficulties such as those described above often mean that different analysts will calculate slightly different MLUs for the same utterances. For this reason, it is usual to declare the protocol that is to be followed when calculating an MLU. Others may legitimately argue about the decision-making process but a protocol does at least provide a principled basis by which MLUs can be calculated. Figure 1 sets out a fairly typical protocol.
How to count morphemes | |
Method: | |
1 | Select 100 completely intelligible utterances (i.e. if even one word in an utterance is not understood, that utterance is excluded from the analysis. Words that are unintelligible are transcribed as x.) |
2 Leaf v4 5. | Count the morphemes in each utterance according to the guidelines set out in the ‘DO count' and ‘DO NOT count' sections below. |
3 | Add the number of morphemes for all 100 utterances to give a total number of morphemes used. |
4 | Divide the total number of morphemes used obtained in step 3 above by 100 to get the mean length of utterance. |
DO count: | |
1 | The -s plural marker (e.g. cat-s, dog-s). Count it even when used on irregular plurals (e.g. mouse-s). [Exception: plurals never occurring in the singular (e.g. pants, clothes) count as just one morpheme.] |
2 | The -ed past tense marker (walk-ed, play-ed). The -ed morpheme is counted even when used improperly (go-ed, drink-ed). |
3 | The -ing present participle marker (e.g. walk-ing, count-ing). |
4 | The -s 3rd person regular tense marker (e.g. he like-s sweets, Bob walk-s fast). [Exception: does counts as one morpheme.] |
5 | Possessive -‘s marker (e.g. mummy's hat, boy's toy). |
6 | Contractions (e.g. she's, he'll, they're, what's, she'd, we've, can't, aren't would all count as 2 morphemes each). [Exceptions: let's, don't and won't are assumed to be understood as single units, rather than as a contraction of two words, so are just counted as one morpheme.] |
DO NOT count: | |
1 | False starts, reformulations, or repetitions unless the repetition is for emphasis (e.g. '[then] then [he go] he went to the zoo' is counted as 6 morphemes; 'No! No! No!' is counted as 3). |
2 | Compound words, reduplications, and proper names count as single words (e.g. fireman, choo choo, Big Bird). |
3 | Irregular past tense verbs and irregular plurals count as one morpheme (e.g. took, went, mice, men). |
4 | Diminutives (e.g. doggie, horsie, dolly) and catenatives (e.g. gonna, wanna, hafta) count as one morpheme. |
5 | Fillers (e.g. um, well, oh, um hmm). |
Bishop, D. V. M. and Adams, C. (1990) ‘A prospective study of the relationship between specific language impairment, phonological disorders and reading retardation' Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 31, 1027–1050.
Brown, R. (1973) A First Language London: Allen and Unwin.
Garton, A.F. and Pratt, C. (1998) Learning to be Literate (2nd edn) Oxford: Blackwell.
Johnson, B.W. (2005) Mean Length of Utterance (MLU) [WWW] http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/bwjohn/4004/Materials/MLU.htm Accessed 04.03.2009.
Miller, J.F. (1981) ‘Eliciting procedures for language' in Miller, J.F. (ed) Assessing Language Production in Children London: Edward Arnold.
Miller, J.F. and Chapman, R.S. (1981) ‘The relation between age and mean length of utterance in morphemes' Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 24, 2, 154-161.
Related posts:
Word Counter 1 6 24 Inches
Calculate the number of syllables in a word or sentence.
Syllable Counter is a simple and free online tool that can be used for counting the total number of syllables in a word or sentence. You may find this useful in checking syllables while writing poems, haiku, sonnet etc or use this as a tool to assist in learning or teaching English grammar and syllables.
Word Counter 1 6 24 Tractor Tire
How does it calculates syllables ?
Word Counter 1 6 24 Inch
It uses a simple algorithm to calculate the total number of syllables, it may not be entirely accurate all the time but the accuracy is gradually improving. If you notice any miscalculation of syllables, please let me know. You should enter the sentences line by line, to display syllable count for each line as well.
Update: If you're a regular user of this site, you may have noticed some changes in overall design and some additional features, feel free to send me any feedback or report any errors.
